Atrial septal defects (ASDs) and patent foramen ovales (PFOs) are abnormal openings between the top chambers of the heart that may remain silent for years or cause symptoms later in life.
Symptoms and Concerns
These openings can allow blood or small clots to move between the atria instead of following the usual filtering path through the lungs.
Depending on the size and direction of flow, patients may develop shortness of breath, heart failure symptoms, low oxygen levels, stroke, decompression sickness, or recurrent unexplained events.
Testing and Treatment
Workup generally starts with an echocardiogram and ECG. If there is still concern, transesophageal echocardiography may be used for confirmation and procedural planning.
Treatment may include close monitoring, medication, or a minimally invasive closure procedure. Surgical referral is considered when anatomy or clinical circumstances require it.